diff --git a/packages/flutter_tools/lib/src/windows/build_windows.dart b/packages/flutter_tools/lib/src/windows/build_windows.dart
index 6422d39d72..859b97ceb6 100644
--- a/packages/flutter_tools/lib/src/windows/build_windows.dart
+++ b/packages/flutter_tools/lib/src/windows/build_windows.dart
@@ -74,6 +74,9 @@ Future<void> buildWindows(WindowsProject windowsProject, BuildInfo buildInfo, {
       buildDir: buildDirectory,
       sourceDir: windowsProject.cmakeFile.parent,
     );
+    if (visualStudio.displayVersion == '17.1.0') {
+      _fixBrokenCmakeGeneration(buildDirectory);
+    }
     await _runBuild(cmakePath, buildDirectory, buildModeName);
   } finally {
     status.cancel();
@@ -335,3 +338,55 @@ void _writeGeneratedFlutterConfig(
   }
   writeGeneratedCmakeConfig(Cache.flutterRoot!, windowsProject, environment);
 }
+
+// Works around the Visual Studio 17.1.0 CMake bug described in
+// https://github.com/flutter/flutter/issues/97086
+//
+// Rather than attempt to remove all the duplicate entries within the
+// <CustomBuild> element, which would require a more complicated parser, this
+// just fixes the incorrect duplicates to have the correct `$<CONFIG>` value,
+// making the duplication harmless.
+//
+// TODO(stuartmorgan): Remove this workaround either once 17.1.0 is
+// sufficiently old that we no longer need to support it, or when
+// dropping VS 2022 support.
+void _fixBrokenCmakeGeneration(Directory buildDirectory) {
+  final File assembleProject = buildDirectory
+    .childDirectory('flutter')
+    .childFile('flutter_assemble.vcxproj');
+  if (assembleProject.existsSync()) {
+    // E.g.: <Command Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|x64'">
+    final RegExp commandRegex = RegExp(
+      r'<Command Condition=.*\(Configuration\)\|\$\(Platform\).==.(Debug|Profile|Release)\|');
+    // E.g.: [...]/flutter_tools/bin/tool_backend.bat windows-x64 Debug
+    final RegExp assembleCallRegex = RegExp(
+      r'^.*/tool_backend\.bat windows[^ ]* (Debug|Profile|Release)');
+    String? lastCommandConditionConfig;
+    final StringBuffer newProjectContents = StringBuffer();
+    // vcxproj files contain a BOM, which readAsLinesSync drops; re-add it.
+    newProjectContents.writeCharCode(unicodeBomCharacterRune);
+    for (final String line in assembleProject.readAsLinesSync()) {
+      final RegExpMatch? commandMatch = commandRegex.firstMatch(line);
+      if (commandMatch != null) {
+        lastCommandConditionConfig = commandMatch.group(1);
+      } else if (lastCommandConditionConfig != null) {
+        final RegExpMatch? assembleCallMatch = assembleCallRegex.firstMatch(line);
+        if (assembleCallMatch != null) {
+          final String callConfig = assembleCallMatch.group(1)!;
+          if (callConfig != lastCommandConditionConfig) {
+            // The config is the end of the line; make sure to replace that one,
+            // in case config-matching strings appear anywhere else in the line
+            // (e.g., the project path).
+            final int badConfigIndex = line.lastIndexOf(assembleCallMatch.group(1)!);
+            final String correctedLine = line.replaceFirst(
+              callConfig, lastCommandConditionConfig, badConfigIndex);
+            newProjectContents.writeln('$correctedLine\r');
+            continue;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      newProjectContents.writeln('$line\r');
+    }
+    assembleProject.writeAsStringSync(newProjectContents.toString());
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/flutter_tools/test/commands.shard/hermetic/build_windows_test.dart b/packages/flutter_tools/test/commands.shard/hermetic/build_windows_test.dart
index 8e16c301c6..eec556b9c3 100644
--- a/packages/flutter_tools/test/commands.shard/hermetic/build_windows_test.dart
+++ b/packages/flutter_tools/test/commands.shard/hermetic/build_windows_test.dart
@@ -309,6 +309,142 @@ C:\foo\windows\runner\main.cpp(17,1): error C2065: 'Baz': undeclared identifier
     FeatureFlags: () => TestFeatureFlags(isWindowsEnabled: true),
   });
 
+  testUsingContext('Windows build works around CMake generation bug', () async {
+    final FakeVisualStudio fakeVisualStudio = FakeVisualStudio(displayVersion: '17.1.0');
+    final BuildWindowsCommand command = BuildWindowsCommand()
+      ..visualStudioOverride = fakeVisualStudio;
+    setUpMockProjectFilesForBuild();
+
+    processManager = FakeProcessManager.list(<FakeCommand>[
+      cmakeGenerationCommand(),
+      buildCommand('Release'),
+    ]);
+    fileSystem.file(fileSystem.path.join('lib', 'other.dart'))
+      .createSync(recursive: true);
+    fileSystem.file(fileSystem.path.join('foo', 'bar.sksl.json'))
+      .createSync(recursive: true);
+
+    // Relevant portions of an incorrectly generated project, with some
+    // irrelevant details removed for length.
+    const String fakeBadProjectContent = r'''
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<Project DefaultTargets="Build" ToolsVersion="17.0" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003">
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <CustomBuild Include="somepath\build\windows\CMakeFiles\8b570225f626c250e12bc1ede88babae\flutter_windows.dll.rule">
+      <Message Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|x64'">Generating some files</Message>
+      <Command Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|x64'">setlocal
+"C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\Professional\Common7\IDE\CommonExtensions\Microsoft\CMake\CMake\bin\cmake.exe" -E env FOO=bar C:/src/flutter/packages/flutter_tools/bin/tool_backend.bat windows-x64 Debug
+endlocal &amp; call :cmErrorLevel %errorlevel% &amp; goto :cmDone
+:cmErrorLevel
+exit /b %1
+:cmDone
+if %errorlevel% neq 0 goto :VCEnd</Command>
+      <Message Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Profile|x64'">Generating some files</Message>
+      <Command Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Profile|x64'">setlocal
+"C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\Professional\Common7\IDE\CommonExtensions\Microsoft\CMake\CMake\bin\cmake.exe" -E env FOO=bar C:/src/flutter/packages/flutter_tools/bin/tool_backend.bat windows-x64 Debug
+endlocal &amp; call :cmErrorLevel %errorlevel% &amp; goto :cmDone
+:cmErrorLevel
+exit /b %1
+:cmDone
+if %errorlevel% neq 0 goto :VCEnd</Command>
+      <Message Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|x64'">Generating some files</Message>
+      <Command Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|x64'">setlocal
+"C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\Professional\Common7\IDE\CommonExtensions\Microsoft\CMake\CMake\bin\cmake.exe" -E env FOO=bar C:/src/flutter/packages/flutter_tools/bin/tool_backend.bat windows-x64 Debug
+endlocal &amp; call :cmErrorLevel %errorlevel% &amp; goto :cmDone
+:cmErrorLevel
+exit /b %1
+:cmDone
+if %errorlevel% neq 0 goto :VCEnd</Command>
+      <Message Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|x64'">Generating some files</Message>
+      <Command Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|x64'">setlocal
+"C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\Professional\Common7\IDE\CommonExtensions\Microsoft\CMake\CMake\bin\cmake.exe" -E env FOO=bar C:/src/flutter/packages/flutter_tools/bin/tool_backend.bat windows-x64 Profile
+endlocal &amp; call :cmErrorLevel %errorlevel% &amp; goto :cmDone
+:cmErrorLevel
+exit /b %1
+:cmDone
+if %errorlevel% neq 0 goto :VCEnd</Command>
+      <Message Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Profile|x64'">Generating some files</Message>
+      <Command Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Profile|x64'">setlocal
+"C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\Professional\Common7\IDE\CommonExtensions\Microsoft\CMake\CMake\bin\cmake.exe" -E env FOO=bar C:/src/flutter/packages/flutter_tools/bin/tool_backend.bat windows-x64 Profile
+endlocal &amp; call :cmErrorLevel %errorlevel% &amp; goto :cmDone
+:cmErrorLevel
+exit /b %1
+:cmDone
+if %errorlevel% neq 0 goto :VCEnd</Command>
+      <Message Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|x64'">Generating some files</Message>
+      <Command Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|x64'">setlocal
+"C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\Professional\Common7\IDE\CommonExtensions\Microsoft\CMake\CMake\bin\cmake.exe" -E env FOO=bar C:/src/flutter/packages/flutter_tools/bin/tool_backend.bat windows-x64 Profile
+endlocal &amp; call :cmErrorLevel %errorlevel% &amp; goto :cmDone
+:cmErrorLevel
+exit /b %1
+:cmDone
+if %errorlevel% neq 0 goto :VCEnd</Command>
+      <Message Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|x64'">Generating some files</Message>
+      <Command Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|x64'">setlocal
+"C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\Professional\Common7\IDE\CommonExtensions\Microsoft\CMake\CMake\bin\cmake.exe" -E env FOO=bar C:/src/flutter/packages/flutter_tools/bin/tool_backend.bat windows-x64 Release
+endlocal &amp; call :cmErrorLevel %errorlevel% &amp; goto :cmDone
+:cmErrorLevel
+exit /b %1
+:cmDone
+if %errorlevel% neq 0 goto :VCEnd</Command>
+      <Message Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Profile|x64'">Generating some files</Message>
+      <Command Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Profile|x64'">setlocal
+"C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\Professional\Common7\IDE\CommonExtensions\Microsoft\CMake\CMake\bin\cmake.exe" -E env FOO=bar C:/src/flutter/packages/flutter_tools/bin/tool_backend.bat windows-x64 Release
+endlocal &amp; call :cmErrorLevel %errorlevel% &amp; goto :cmDone
+:cmErrorLevel
+exit /b %1
+:cmDone
+if %errorlevel% neq 0 goto :VCEnd</Command>
+      <Message Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|x64'">Generating some files</Message>
+      <Command Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|x64'">setlocal
+"C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\Professional\Common7\IDE\CommonExtensions\Microsoft\CMake\CMake\bin\cmake.exe" -E env FOO=bar C:/src/flutter/packages/flutter_tools/bin/tool_backend.bat windows-x64 Release
+endlocal &amp; call :cmErrorLevel %errorlevel% &amp; goto :cmDone
+:cmErrorLevel
+exit /b %1
+:cmDone
+if %errorlevel% neq 0 goto :VCEnd</Command>
+    </CustomBuild>
+  </ItemGroup>
+</Project>
+''';
+    final File assembleProject = fileSystem.currentDirectory
+      .childDirectory('build')
+      .childDirectory('windows')
+      .childDirectory('flutter')
+      .childFile('flutter_assemble.vcxproj');
+    assembleProject.createSync(recursive: true);
+    assembleProject.writeAsStringSync(fakeBadProjectContent);
+
+    await createTestCommandRunner(command).run(
+      const <String>['windows', '--no-pub']
+    );
+
+    final List<String> projectLines = assembleProject.readAsLinesSync();
+
+    const String commandBase = r'"C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\Professional\Common7\IDE\CommonExtensions\Microsoft\CMake\CMake\bin\cmake.exe" '
+      r'-E env FOO=bar C:/src/flutter/packages/flutter_tools/bin/tool_backend.bat windows-x64';
+    // The duplicate commands will still be present, but with the order matching
+    // the condition order (cycling through the configurations), rather than
+    // three copies of Debug, then three copies of Profile, then three copies
+    // of Release.
+    expect(projectLines, containsAllInOrder(<String>[
+      '$commandBase Debug\r',
+      '$commandBase Profile\r',
+      '$commandBase Release\r',
+      '$commandBase Debug\r',
+      '$commandBase Profile\r',
+      '$commandBase Release\r',
+      '$commandBase Debug\r',
+      '$commandBase Profile\r',
+      '$commandBase Release\r',
+    ]));
+  }, overrides: <Type, Generator>{
+    FileSystem: () => fileSystem,
+    ProcessManager: () => processManager,
+    Platform: () => windowsPlatform,
+    FeatureFlags: () => TestFeatureFlags(isWindowsEnabled: true),
+  });
+
   testUsingContext('Windows build invokes build and writes generated files', () async {
     final FakeVisualStudio fakeVisualStudio = FakeVisualStudio();
     final BuildWindowsCommand command = BuildWindowsCommand()
@@ -604,6 +740,7 @@ class FakeVisualStudio extends Fake implements VisualStudio {
   FakeVisualStudio({
     this.cmakePath = _cmakePath,
     this.cmakeGenerator = 'Visual Studio 16 2019',
+    this.displayVersion = '17.0.0'
   });
 
   @override
@@ -611,4 +748,7 @@ class FakeVisualStudio extends Fake implements VisualStudio {
 
   @override
   final String cmakeGenerator;
+
+  @override
+  final String displayVersion;
 }